Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for CO Poisoning and Decompression Sickness

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) involves breathing pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber, which increases oxygen supply to damaged tissues. It is delivered in either a single-person or multi-person chamber, with pressure raised up to 2.5 times normal air pressure.

The FDA has approved HBOT for 14 conditions, including severe gangrene, burns, radiation injury, crush injuries, and certain infections. Two of the most critical uses are carbon monoxide poisoning and decompression sickness.

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas found in vehicle exhaust, smoke, faulty heating systems, and other combustion sources. It displaces oxygen in the blood and can be fatal, especially in enclosed spaces. Those most at risk include infants, pregnant women, and people with heart or breathing issues.

Symptoms range from headache, nausea, and confusion to loss of consciousness and death. Immediate treatment involves moving to fresh air and receiving 100% oxygen via a mask—often for about four hours. In more severe cases, HBOT may be used to reduce the risk of long-term neurological or cardiovascular damage. However, it is not available in all hospitals and can be more costly than standard oxygen therapy.

Decompression Sickness
Decompression sickness (DCS) occurs when nitrogen bubbles form in the blood due to rapid changes in pressure—common among divers, aviators, or altitude workers. Symptoms include severe joint pain (“the bends”), dizziness, fatigue, breathing difficulties, and in rare cases, shock or death.

HBOT is the main treatment for DCS. It helps dissolve gas bubbles, reduces swelling, and restores oxygen levels. Prompt treatment is essential, even if symptoms seem to improve.

Side Effects
HBOT sessions usually last a few hours and are well-tolerated. Some people experience ear popping or mild discomfort, which can be eased by adjusting pressure. Lightheadedness may occur after treatment. Serious side effects are rare, especially when administered by trained staff in a medical setting.